Complicity in International Law

This book examines how international law prohibits state and individual complicity. Complicity is a derivative form of responsibility that links an accomplice to the wrongdoing of a principal actor. Whenever a legal system prohibits complicity, it must address certain questions as to the content and structure of the rules. To understand how international law answers these questions, this book proposes an analytical framework in which complicity rules may be assessed and defends a normative daim as to how they should be structured. Anchored by this framework and normative daim, this book shows that international criminal law regulates individual complicity in a comprehensive way, using the doctrines of instigation and aiding and abetting to inculpate complicit participants in international crimes. By contrast, international law's regulation of state complicity was historically marked by an absence of complicity rules. This is changing. In respect of state complicity in the wrongdoing of another state, international law now imposes both specific and general complicity obligations, the latter prohibiting states from aiding or assisting another state in the commission of any internationally wrongful act. In respect of the ways that states participate in harms caused by non-state actors, the traditional normative structure of international law, which imposed obligations only on states, foreclosed the possibility of prohibiting the state's participation as a form of complicity. As that traditional normative structure has evolved, so the possibility of holding states responsible for complicity in the wrongdoing of nonstate actors bas emerged. More and more, both the wrongs that international actors commit, and the wrongs they help or encourage others to commit, matter. Miles Jackson is the Global Justice Research Fellow at St Anne's College, University of Oxford, and convenor of Oxford Transitional Justice Research. He holds MA and DPhil degrees from the University of Oxford, where he was a Rhodes Scholar, and a LL.M. degree from Harvard Law School. He has taught constitutional law, administrative law, and criminal justice and human rights at the University of Oxford. Miles is a former clerk of the Constitutional Court of South Africa and a former chair of Oxford Pro Bono Publico.